Conserving Remaining Populations of the Iberian Lynx
Project location: PORTUGAL
Project start date: July 2003 -
Project end date: February 2004
Project number: 2003-25
Beneficiary: Fauna & Flora International
Building of local partnerships for land management
The Iberian lynx is a species only found in Spain and Portugal and it is now considered to be the most endangered cat species in the world, with less than 200 individuals now considered to survive in the wild. The decline of the Iberian lynx is a result of changes in land usage, the dramatic decline in wild rabbit populations, illegal hunting and road accidents. There is an urgent need to identify important areas for lynx in Portugal and Spain, and to secure their long-term management, and remove the threats of inappropriate development or land use change to such areas. The Nando Peretti Foundation is funding this project that will first focus on a specific area in southern Portugal - the Serra Do Caldeirao in the Algarve. This area may hold critically important populations of lynx, and supports large areas of habitat that - if managed positively - could support expanding populations of lynx.
Surveys will be conducted by a team of local researchers. Sightings of lynx will be mapped to identify areas of lynx activity and to determine the quality of remaining habitats, and their degree of fragmentation.
Where evidence of current lynx populations is established, or where areas suitable for reintroduction are identified, a team of local (and where appropriate international) specialists will develop relationships and eventual partnerships with local landowners and managers.
Key to the long-term survival of the animal will be effective local involvement in its protection, and positive local land management regimes. In addition, interventions such as rabbit restocking, captive breeding of lynx, building public and political awareness, addressing inappropriate land development plans and developing biodiversity-friendly development alternatives, or innovative marketing for existing products, for local farmers will be required. The areas involved are inhabited by some of the poorest communities in Europe and the protection of the lynx could represent an opportunity to ensure long-term protection of these unique habitats and associated traditional lifestyles.
Project Activities
Conserving surviving populations of the Iberian lynx through building local partnerships for land management
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Since 2003, the Nando Peretti Foundation has been supporting Fauna & Flora International (FFI) with its work in Portugal to conserve the surviving populations of Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) through the building of local partnerships for land management. Portugal is considered crucial to the long-term recovery of the lynx as there are still large areas of primary lynx habitat in the south of the country. FFI is implementing a strategy for the conservation of the Iberian lynx in both Portugal and Spain through the identification and long term securing of a cross-border corridor of cork oak forest and maquis under favourable conservation management. In addition to protecting areas of habitat of recognised global importance, the corridor will allow for the natural expansion and reconnection of currently isolated lynx populations.
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The Iberian lynx is a highly charismatic predator that once roamed the length and breadth of the Iberian peninsular. Once considered ‘common', the rate of decline in the Iberian lynx population during the last 50 years has been dramatic, and during the last decade catastrophic. The most recent reports indicate that there are less than 100 individuals now surviving in the wild. The Iberian lynx is acknowledged as the most endangered cat species in the world - and is the only species to be recognised as Critically Endangered by the World Conservation Union (IUCN).
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Following the project initiation and establishment phase, and with large forest fires in the region in 2004, the Nando Peretti Foundation project commenced in earnest at the start of 2005 and significant results have already been achieved across the programme. A strong partnership has been established between FFI and the Portuguese NGO Liga para a protecção da natureza (LPN). With the financial and technical support of FFI, a lynx project team has been established within this NGO and the lynx programme activities commenced. A total of 194,531 hectares of habitat have been surveyed across three different regions, the Serra Do Caldeirão, Moura Barrancos and Vale do Rio Chança. Information on the status of the lynx, of the rabbit populations (on which the lynx almost exclusively feed), and the general habitat characteristics within these regions, were collated to identify the priority areas for lynx. 100,000 hectares of potential habitat was surveyed in the Serra Do Caldeirão with 43, 309 hectares surveyed in the Moura Barrancos and a further 51,042 hectares within the Vale do Rio Chança. This report concentrates on the results relevant to the Nando Peretti project area, the Serra Do Caldeirão.
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100,000 hectares of the Serra Do Caldeirão were surveyed. This area includes the Caldeirão Natura 2000 site and a 2.5 km buffer zone around this site to take into account areas of historical lynx presence. The overall habitat cover and quality was digitally mapped and the owners of the areas of prime habitat were identified. Caldeirão Natura 2000 site has a total area of approximately 47,000 hectares. Approximately 45% of this is covered with cork oak forests, 3.5% with holm oak, 16.9% Mediterranean maquis and 14.5% is scrubland.
Transects were completed for rabbits using latrine counts as an index of relative abundance. The results indicate a number of small but fragmented rabbit populations, the best of which coincide with good habitat in the east of the region.
This total area of habitat has great potential for lynx, the prime requirement now being to maintain the habitat in good condition and to re-establish rabbits across the region. The 2004 summer fires affected 42% of the Caldeirão Natura 2000 site, including some of the best areas of scrubland and maquis. Although some burned areas are regenerating very quickly, the removal of scrub, which is otherwise known as ‘cleaning' for fire control, is stopping natural succession. As a result, areas of well established maquis now cover only approximately 10% of the area.
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Cleaning is not an effective method of fire control: it is an ineffective barrier against fire as it only reduces scrub cover in small patches; cleaned areas also experience significantly increased soil erosion and reduced water infiltration and reduce the area available to species related with maquis habitat, which take many years to develop. If cleaning continues at its current rate, it is anticipated that all of the remaining areas of maquis will be lost from the Serra Do Caldeirão. As such, where necessary, the project is promoting alternative methods of fire control that are not only effective for fire management but also contributes to the development of a habitat structure that favours rabbits (and hence Iberian lynx).
Within the Serra Do Caldeirão, lynx conservation is being furthered through the development of a series of agreements between LPN and landowners to cooperate on land management issues. The concept of land management agreements for conservation is entirely new to Portugal. As such, the team had to develop each aspect of the agreement negotiation process in-accordance with their local situation. This included raising awareness and educating landowners about the purposes and value of such agreements, defining the legal aspects and how the agreements and associated management plans will look and function. For this reason the methodology of using agreements to secure land for conservation is considered as innovative in Portugal.
The survey identified three estates that contained priority habitat and these were approached initially to participate in the programme:
- 5,000 hectares of privately owned land that is used for hunting partridge and wild boar. Cork oak covers approximately 65% of the area, but species such as Arbutus unedo (strawberry-tree) and holm oak are also present. At the shrub level the most representative species is Cistus ladanifer which covers about 50% of the area due to recent cleaning for fire control. The owner plans to utilize the cork oak resource in the future. Two meetings have taken place and a decision is expected shortly on the signing of a ‘letter of intent' to cooperate.
- A 2,000 hectare estate managed by a hunting association who hunt wild rabbits, albeit at a reduced level due to their low abundance. Cork oak and holm oak cover approximately 40% of the area, creating the typical "montado" landscape of the south of Portugal. Scrubland vegetation is also dominated by Cistus ladanifer. Two meetings have taken place, however, the association is very cautious. A decision is expected shortly on the signing of a ‘letter of intent' to cooperate.
- A Hunting Game Association manages 440 hectares for wild boar and deer. Cork oak covers about 80% of the area, which has not been exploited for many years. Recent cleaning has removed much of the scrubland vegetation though most of these areas are regenerating. The association has signed a ‘letter of intent' to cooperate. A management plan is now being drafted for negotiation.
- In addition, a number of additional contacts have been made across the region with other estates and relations with many of these are advanced in support of the programme.
Annex 1
Map showing location of the Serra Do Caldeirão and Moura Barrancos and Vale do Rio Chança
